英文寫(xiě)作中有哪些常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)錯(cuò)誤?
本文章由春喜在線(xiàn)英語(yǔ)于2017.4.21日編輯發(fā)布
在列舉各個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題之前,這里先說(shuō)一個(gè)經(jīng)常會(huì)被忽略的格式問(wèn)題(尤其是在手機(jī)和電腦上的英文寫(xiě)作):空格。在英語(yǔ)書(shū)寫(xiě)格式中,標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)后面至少要留一個(gè)半角空格。比如對(duì)于逗號(hào),在逗號(hào)后面要留有一個(gè)字符長(zhǎng)度的空格。比較下面兩個(gè)句子:
(1)They would have married sooner, but they had to wait for her divorce.
(2)They would have married sooner,but they had to wait for her divorce.
第二個(gè)句子不符合英語(yǔ)書(shū)寫(xiě)規(guī)范,因?yàn)槎禾?hào)后面沒(méi)有一個(gè)字符的空格。事實(shí)上,如果你經(jīng)常使用Word寫(xiě)文章,應(yīng)該會(huì)留意到上面的錯(cuò)誤提示:
除了逗號(hào)之外,句號(hào)、分號(hào)以及問(wèn)號(hào)等也要遵守標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)空格的原則。比如,下面這樣的句子也不符合規(guī)范:
Neither of them thought of turning on the lunch-time news.Thus Caroline didn't hear of John's death until Peter telephoned.
要改為:
Neither of them thought of turning on the lunch-time news. Thus Caroline didn't hear of John's death until Peter telephoned.
如果你不清楚應(yīng)該怎么加空格,可以在Word文檔上打幾行字,觀(guān)察Word給出的修改建議。
接下來(lái)是一些常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)問(wèn)題:
1.逗號(hào)
在句子并列結(jié)構(gòu)的最后成分前往往會(huì)使用連詞 and, or, but 等,在這些連詞前加不加逗號(hào)會(huì)對(duì)句子意思造成影響,舉個(gè)例子:
(1) You should buy some pens, red bags and notebooks.
(2) You should buy some pens, red bags, and notebooks.
兩個(gè)句子的表意有所不同,第二個(gè)句子 red 只修飾 bags,但第一個(gè)句子 red 可以解讀為修飾 bags 以及 notebooks,因此為了避免歧義,要學(xué)會(huì)正確使用逗號(hào)。
還有另外一個(gè)例子:
(1) All the books which had pictures in them were sent to the library.
(2) All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the library.
在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中逗號(hào)會(huì)對(duì)句子的意思造成影響。這里第一個(gè)句子的意思是“所有帶插圖的圖書(shū)都被送到了圖書(shū)館”,第二個(gè)句子的意思是“所有的圖書(shū)都被送到了圖書(shū)館,這些圖書(shū)都帶有插圖”。在使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)要注意逗號(hào)的使用。
英文中兩個(gè)完整的句子或者兩個(gè)并列分句之間一般不能用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),這一點(diǎn)在平時(shí)寫(xiě)作中很多人都能注意到,但當(dāng)遇到 however,thus 這類(lèi)詞時(shí),有時(shí)候很容易犯錯(cuò)。比如:
(1) This is a cheap and simple process, however, there are dangers.
(2) Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire, thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.
第一個(gè)句子中當(dāng) however 表示轉(zhuǎn)折含義時(shí)它是副詞,不能當(dāng)連詞用,因此逗號(hào)應(yīng)該改為分號(hào)或者句號(hào)。即:
This is a cheap and simple process; however, there are dangers. / This is a cheap and simple process. However, there are dangers.
第二個(gè)句子中 thus 是副詞,同樣不能當(dāng)連詞用,因此句子要改成:
Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty. / Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire; thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.
此外,在日期寫(xiě)法中的逗號(hào)使用也要注意規(guī)范。如果日期格式是 month day, year 則中間需要加逗號(hào)(例如 April 21, 2017),如果是 day month year 則不需要加逗號(hào)(例如 21 April 2017)。值得注意的一點(diǎn)是 month day, year 這種日期寫(xiě)法全世界只有美國(guó)一家有,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上甚至還有不少文章在討論為什么美國(guó)人會(huì)使用這么奇怪的日期格式:
2.書(shū)名號(hào)
漢語(yǔ)中書(shū)名號(hào)《》可以用來(lái)標(biāo)明書(shū)名、文章名、報(bào)刊名等等,但英文中沒(méi)有漢語(yǔ)書(shū)名號(hào)的寫(xiě)法。在英文中,標(biāo)明書(shū)籍、報(bào)刊、戲劇、電影、繪畫(huà)作品等名稱(chēng)時(shí), 通常采用斜體、下劃線(xiàn)、引號(hào)、黑體或黑體基礎(chǔ)上的下劃線(xiàn)。比如
In his remarkable new book, Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future, Peter Thiel comes off as a brilliant young man with a tendency toward exaggeration.
在英文寫(xiě)作中要避免出現(xiàn)漢語(yǔ)書(shū)名號(hào),諸如《The Economist》,《All the Light We Cannot See》這樣的寫(xiě)法都是錯(cuò)誤的。
3.破折號(hào),連接號(hào),連字符
英語(yǔ)中也有和漢語(yǔ)類(lèi)似的“破折號(hào)”,我們稱(chēng)為 Em dash(—),它的長(zhǎng)度等于大寫(xiě)字母M,主要用于將特定的概念從一個(gè)句子的主要從句中分離出來(lái),或者分隔一個(gè)插入的想法或從句,比如:
But such shortcomings—and South Africa’s failings since his retirement from active politics—pale into insignificance when set against the magnitude of his overall achievement.
除了破折號(hào)Em dash 之外,還有連接號(hào)En dash (–),它的長(zhǎng)度等于大寫(xiě)字母N,是 Em dash 的一半,主要用于連接數(shù)字表示起止范圍(比如1:00–2:00 p.m.),以及表示兩者之間的關(guān)系和聯(lián)系(比如 Boston–Hartford route)。
此外,還有連字號(hào)Hyphen (-),它主要用于行末單詞換行以及連接復(fù)合詞的各個(gè)組成部分(比如 20-year-old son)。
關(guān)于破折號(hào),連接號(hào),連字符這三者更加詳細(xì)的說(shuō)明可以參加維基百科上的詞條:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash
4.省略號(hào)
英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)中的省略號(hào)在書(shū)寫(xiě)上不同,漢語(yǔ)省略號(hào)一般為六點(diǎn),且位置在中間(……),英語(yǔ)省略號(hào)只有三點(diǎn),且位置在下邊,即( ... ),在寫(xiě)英文時(shí)記得不要混淆,類(lèi)似這樣的用法:
Resilient Ireland, booming South Sudan, tumultuous Turkey: our country of the year is……
要改為:
Resilient Ireland, booming South Sudan, tumultuous Turkey: our country of the year is...
5.縮略符
在考場(chǎng)作文以及學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作中要避免使用縮略符的表達(dá)法,即 What's more,I'll 這類(lèi)縮寫(xiě)要還原為完整形式( a manager's job 這類(lèi)所有格形式除外)。類(lèi)似下面這樣的句子:
People who can't afford to go to the theatre or concerts can afford to go to football matches.
要改為:
People who cannot afford to go to the theatre or concerts can afford to go to football matches.
以上是英語(yǔ)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)使用的幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng),對(duì)于寫(xiě)作中不確定的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)用法,可以多查查語(yǔ)法書(shū)和維基百科,爭(zhēng)取完全掌握標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)用法。